See cule on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "biculë"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "bixaule"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "culaq"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "culdyjare"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "curlaq"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "currulaq"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "cylaq"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "çulzë"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "bg",
"3": "surla"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian surla",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Bulgarian surla, from Ottoman Turkish زورنا (zurna), ultimately from Persian زرنا (zornâ). Similar path with Romanian surla. A direct borrowing from Turkish is excluded due to u:y shift in some of the variants, and because the Turkish word has gone into Albanian as zurnë. An intersection of cule with zurnë gas given alternative variants such as curlë, curunë, etc.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cule",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "culja",
"tags": [
"definite"
]
},
{
"form": "culet",
"tags": [
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sq-noun-f-e",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "cule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "culja",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "culet",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "culen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "culet",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "culeje",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cules",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "culeve",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "culeve",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "culeje",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cules",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "culesh",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "culeve",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cyl",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "cylë",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "cyle",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "culë",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "cyllë",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "curlë",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "xurlë",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "surle",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "curunë",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "noun",
"cat2": "feminine nouns",
"g": "f",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "cule f",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "cule",
"3": "culja",
"4": "culet"
},
"expansion": "cule f (plural cule, definite culja, definite plural culet)",
"name": "sq-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cule",
"10": "culeve",
"11": "cules",
"12": "culeve",
"13": "culesh",
"2": "cule",
"3": "culja",
"4": "culet",
"5": "cule",
"6": "cule",
"7": "culen",
"8": "culet",
"9": "culeje"
},
"name": "sq-decl-noun"
},
{
"args": {
"p": "cule",
"psh": "culesh",
"pt": "culet",
"pve": "culeve",
"pvet": "culeve",
"s": "cule",
"sa": "culja",
"si": "culeje",
"sin": "culen",
"sit": "cules"
},
"name": "sq-ndecl-table"
}
],
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "sq",
"name": "Music",
"orig": "sq:Music",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "45 7 6 33 2 3 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Albanian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 2 5 22 2 2 2 31 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Short, single- or double-barreled double-reed instrument with eight fingerholes. aulos, tibia"
],
"id": "en-cule-sq-noun-WI5YjmMZ",
"links": [
[
"music",
"music"
],
[
"aulos",
"aulos"
],
[
"tibia",
"tibia"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(music) Short, single- or double-barreled double-reed instrument with eight fingerholes. aulos, tibia"
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"topics": [
"entertainment",
"lifestyle",
"music"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"tibia, shinbone"
],
"id": "en-cule-sq-noun-RZHezx-D",
"links": [
[
"tibia",
"tibia"
],
[
"shinbone",
"shinbone"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "kërci"
},
{
"word": "fyell"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Regional Albanian",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"snout (of a pig)"
],
"id": "en-cule-sq-noun-r0CQfsii",
"links": [
[
"regional",
"regional#English"
],
[
"snout",
"snout"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(regional) snout (of a pig)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "turi"
},
{
"word": "feçkë"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"regional"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "sq",
"name": "Music",
"orig": "sq:Music",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "27 2 5 22 2 2 2 31 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"chanter (of a bagpipe)"
],
"id": "en-cule-sq-noun-iBFWwhc~",
"links": [
[
"music",
"music"
],
[
"chanter",
"chanter"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(music) chanter (of a bagpipe)"
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"topics": [
"entertainment",
"lifestyle",
"music"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈt͡sulɛ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡suˈlɛ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ule"
},
{
"rhymes": "-e"
}
],
"word": "cule"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "cula",
"t": "bundle"
},
"expansion": "Slovene cula (“bundle”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "cula",
"t": "bundle"
},
"expansion": "Hungarian cula (“bundle”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*k`uts-lo-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *k`uts-lo-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "el",
"2": "σχύτος",
"t": "skin"
},
"expansion": "Greek σχύτος (schýtos, “skin”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "culleus",
"t": "leather bag"
},
"expansion": "Latin culleus (“leather bag”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Akin to Slovene cula (“bundle”), Hungarian cula (“bundle”). Barić and Jokl derive it from Proto-Indo-European *k`uts-lo-, akin to Greek σχύτος (schýtos, “skin”), Latin culleus (“leather bag”), and bring the Slovene and Hungarian words derived from it, although the absence of it in other Southern Slavic languages makes it difficult. Çabej derives it from cull, starting from its first meaning leather, akin to calik and cullnik.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cule",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "culja",
"tags": [
"definite"
]
},
{
"form": "culet",
"tags": [
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sq-noun-f-e",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "cule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "culja",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "culet",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "culen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "culet",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "culeje",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cules",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "culeve",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "culeve",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "culeje",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cules",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "culesh",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "culeve",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "noun",
"cat2": "feminine nouns",
"g": "f",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "cule f",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "cule",
"3": "culja",
"4": "culet"
},
"expansion": "cule f (plural cule, definite culja, definite plural culet)",
"name": "sq-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cule",
"10": "culeve",
"11": "cules",
"12": "culeve",
"13": "culesh",
"2": "cule",
"3": "culja",
"4": "culet",
"5": "cule",
"6": "cule",
"7": "culen",
"8": "culet",
"9": "culeje"
},
"name": "sq-decl-noun"
},
{
"args": {
"p": "cule",
"psh": "culesh",
"pt": "culet",
"pve": "culeve",
"pvet": "culeve",
"s": "cule",
"sa": "culja",
"si": "culeje",
"sin": "culen",
"sit": "cules"
},
"name": "sq-ndecl-table"
}
],
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"bundle"
],
"id": "en-cule-sq-noun-Hm7WXXfW",
"links": [
[
"bundle",
"bundle"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"crowd, band, group of people"
],
"id": "en-cule-sq-noun-mS~37oye",
"links": [
[
"crowd",
"crowd"
],
[
"band",
"band"
],
[
"group",
"group"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "çetë"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈt͡sulɛ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ule"
}
],
"word": "cule"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"name": "nl"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "noun",
"cat2": "",
"g": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "cule",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cule",
"name": "sq-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "crule"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "culan"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of crule"
],
"id": "en-cule-sq-noun-VzbeEPS9",
"links": [
[
"crule",
"crule#Albanian"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈt͡sulɛ/"
}
],
"word": "cule"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "cule",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Czech entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "culit"
}
],
"glosses": [
"masculine singular present transgressive of culit"
],
"id": "en-cule-cs-verb-Js~v0r1e",
"links": [
[
"culit",
"culit#Czech"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"masculine",
"present",
"singular",
"transgressive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈt͡sulɛ]"
}
],
"word": "cule"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "cule",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "27 2 5 22 2 2 2 31 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 1 3 23 1 1 1 36 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "71 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "culer"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of culer:",
"first/third-person singular present indicative/subjunctive"
],
"id": "en-cule-fr-verb-0CP7RxFu",
"links": [
[
"culer",
"culer#French"
]
],
"tags": [
"first-person",
"form-of",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "culer"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of culer:",
"second-person singular imperative"
],
"id": "en-cule-fr-verb-ErF-1stL",
"links": [
[
"culer",
"culer#French"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
}
],
"word": "cule"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "cūle",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "noun form",
"head": "cūle"
},
"expansion": "cūle",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "cūlus"
}
],
"glosses": [
"vocative singular of cūlus"
],
"id": "en-cule-la-noun-KPbceh7x",
"links": [
[
"cūlus",
"culus#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"word": "cule"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "kuil"
},
{
"lang": "Limburgish",
"lang_code": "li",
"word": "koel"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "odt",
"3": "*kūla"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch *kūla",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kūlō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kūlō",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Dutch *kūla, from Proto-Germanic *kūlō.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "dum-decl-noun-wk-f",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "cule",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "culen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cule",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "culen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cule",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "culen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "culen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cule",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "culen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "culen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "dum-decl-noun-wk-m",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "cule",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "culen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cule",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "culen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "culen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "culen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cule",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "culen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "{{{stem}}}-",
"5": "",
"6": "{{{stem2}}}-",
"cat2": "",
"g": "f",
"g2": "m",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "cule f or m",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"g2": "m"
},
"expansion": "cule f or m",
"name": "dum-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "dum-decl-noun-wk-f"
},
{
"args": {},
"name": "dum-decl-noun-wk-m"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hole in the ground, dip, pit"
],
"id": "en-cule-dum-noun-8u8dKtxG",
"links": [
[
"hole",
"hole"
],
[
"ground",
"ground"
],
[
"dip",
"dip"
],
[
"pit",
"pit"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"word": "cule"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun",
"altform": "1"
},
"expansion": "cule",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "coule"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Early Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of coule"
],
"id": "en-cule-enm-noun-iO11aaZD",
"links": [
[
"coule",
"coule#Middle_English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Early Middle English) alternative form of coule"
],
"tags": [
"Early-Middle-English",
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "cule"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "cūle",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"head": "cūle"
},
"expansion": "cūle f",
"name": "ang-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "cuġele"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of cuġele"
],
"id": "en-cule-ang-noun-J~qUzRjZ",
"links": [
[
"cuġele",
"cugele#Old_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "cule"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "cules",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "cule m (plural cules)",
"name": "pt-noun"
}
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"cu",
"le"
]
}
],
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "cúli"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of cúli"
],
"id": "en-cule-pt-noun-bPgQLOME",
"links": [
[
"cúli",
"cúli#Portuguese"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈku.li/",
"tags": [
"Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈku.li/",
"tags": [
"Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈku.le/",
"tags": [
"Southern-Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈku.lɨ/",
"tags": [
"Portugal"
]
}
],
"word": "cule"
}
{
"categories": [
"Albanian entries with incorrect language header",
"Albanian feminine nouns",
"Albanian lemmas",
"Albanian nouns",
"Albanian terms derived from Bulgarian",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Albanian/e",
"Rhymes:Albanian/ule"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "biculë"
},
{
"word": "bixaule"
},
{
"word": "culaq"
},
{
"word": "culdyjare"
},
{
"word": "curlaq"
},
{
"word": "currulaq"
},
{
"word": "cylaq"
},
{
"word": "çulzë"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "bg",
"3": "surla"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian surla",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Bulgarian surla, from Ottoman Turkish زورنا (zurna), ultimately from Persian زرنا (zornâ). Similar path with Romanian surla. A direct borrowing from Turkish is excluded due to u:y shift in some of the variants, and because the Turkish word has gone into Albanian as zurnë. An intersection of cule with zurnë gas given alternative variants such as curlë, curunë, etc.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cule",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "culja",
"tags": [
"definite"
]
},
{
"form": "culet",
"tags": [
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sq-noun-f-e",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "cule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "culja",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "culet",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "culen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "culet",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "culeje",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cules",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "culeve",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "culeve",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "culeje",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cules",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "culesh",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "culeve",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cyl",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "cylë",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "cyle",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "culë",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "cyllë",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "curlë",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "xurlë",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "surle",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "curunë",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "noun",
"cat2": "feminine nouns",
"g": "f",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "cule f",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "cule",
"3": "culja",
"4": "culet"
},
"expansion": "cule f (plural cule, definite culja, definite plural culet)",
"name": "sq-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cule",
"10": "culeve",
"11": "cules",
"12": "culeve",
"13": "culesh",
"2": "cule",
"3": "culja",
"4": "culet",
"5": "cule",
"6": "cule",
"7": "culen",
"8": "culet",
"9": "culeje"
},
"name": "sq-decl-noun"
},
{
"args": {
"p": "cule",
"psh": "culesh",
"pt": "culet",
"pve": "culeve",
"pvet": "culeve",
"s": "cule",
"sa": "culja",
"si": "culeje",
"sin": "culen",
"sit": "cules"
},
"name": "sq-ndecl-table"
}
],
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"sq:Music"
],
"glosses": [
"Short, single- or double-barreled double-reed instrument with eight fingerholes. aulos, tibia"
],
"links": [
[
"music",
"music"
],
[
"aulos",
"aulos"
],
[
"tibia",
"tibia"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(music) Short, single- or double-barreled double-reed instrument with eight fingerholes. aulos, tibia"
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"topics": [
"entertainment",
"lifestyle",
"music"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"tibia, shinbone"
],
"links": [
[
"tibia",
"tibia"
],
[
"shinbone",
"shinbone"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "kërci"
},
{
"word": "fyell"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Regional Albanian"
],
"glosses": [
"snout (of a pig)"
],
"links": [
[
"regional",
"regional#English"
],
[
"snout",
"snout"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(regional) snout (of a pig)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "turi"
},
{
"word": "feçkë"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"regional"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"sq:Music"
],
"glosses": [
"chanter (of a bagpipe)"
],
"links": [
[
"music",
"music"
],
[
"chanter",
"chanter"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(music) chanter (of a bagpipe)"
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"topics": [
"entertainment",
"lifestyle",
"music"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈt͡sulɛ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡suˈlɛ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ule"
},
{
"rhymes": "-e"
}
],
"word": "cule"
}
{
"categories": [
"Albanian entries with incorrect language header",
"Albanian feminine nouns",
"Albanian lemmas",
"Albanian nouns",
"Albanian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Albanian/ule"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "cula",
"t": "bundle"
},
"expansion": "Slovene cula (“bundle”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "cula",
"t": "bundle"
},
"expansion": "Hungarian cula (“bundle”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*k`uts-lo-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *k`uts-lo-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "el",
"2": "σχύτος",
"t": "skin"
},
"expansion": "Greek σχύτος (schýtos, “skin”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "culleus",
"t": "leather bag"
},
"expansion": "Latin culleus (“leather bag”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Akin to Slovene cula (“bundle”), Hungarian cula (“bundle”). Barić and Jokl derive it from Proto-Indo-European *k`uts-lo-, akin to Greek σχύτος (schýtos, “skin”), Latin culleus (“leather bag”), and bring the Slovene and Hungarian words derived from it, although the absence of it in other Southern Slavic languages makes it difficult. Çabej derives it from cull, starting from its first meaning leather, akin to calik and cullnik.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cule",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "culja",
"tags": [
"definite"
]
},
{
"form": "culet",
"tags": [
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sq-noun-f-e",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "cule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "culja",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "culet",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "culen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "culet",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "culeje",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cules",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "culeve",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "culeve",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "culeje",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cules",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "culesh",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "culeve",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "noun",
"cat2": "feminine nouns",
"g": "f",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "cule f",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "cule",
"3": "culja",
"4": "culet"
},
"expansion": "cule f (plural cule, definite culja, definite plural culet)",
"name": "sq-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cule",
"10": "culeve",
"11": "cules",
"12": "culeve",
"13": "culesh",
"2": "cule",
"3": "culja",
"4": "culet",
"5": "cule",
"6": "cule",
"7": "culen",
"8": "culet",
"9": "culeje"
},
"name": "sq-decl-noun"
},
{
"args": {
"p": "cule",
"psh": "culesh",
"pt": "culet",
"pve": "culeve",
"pvet": "culeve",
"s": "cule",
"sa": "culja",
"si": "culeje",
"sin": "culen",
"sit": "cules"
},
"name": "sq-ndecl-table"
}
],
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"bundle"
],
"links": [
[
"bundle",
"bundle"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"crowd, band, group of people"
],
"links": [
[
"crowd",
"crowd"
],
[
"band",
"band"
],
[
"group",
"group"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "çetë"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈt͡sulɛ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ule"
}
],
"word": "cule"
}
{
"categories": [
"Albanian entries with incorrect language header",
"Albanian lemmas",
"Albanian nouns",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "culan"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"name": "nl"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "noun",
"cat2": "",
"g": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "cule",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cule",
"name": "sq-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "crule"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of crule"
],
"links": [
[
"crule",
"crule#Albanian"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈt͡sulɛ/"
}
],
"word": "cule"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "cule",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Czech entries with incorrect language header",
"Czech non-lemma forms",
"Czech terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Czech verb forms",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "culit"
}
],
"glosses": [
"masculine singular present transgressive of culit"
],
"links": [
[
"culit",
"culit#Czech"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"masculine",
"present",
"singular",
"transgressive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈt͡sulɛ]"
}
],
"word": "cule"
}
{
"categories": [
"French entries with incorrect language header",
"French non-lemma forms",
"French verb forms",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "cule",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "culer"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of culer:",
"first/third-person singular present indicative/subjunctive"
],
"links": [
[
"culer",
"culer#French"
]
],
"tags": [
"first-person",
"form-of",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "culer"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of culer:",
"second-person singular imperative"
],
"links": [
[
"culer",
"culer#French"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
}
],
"word": "cule"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "cūle",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "noun form",
"head": "cūle"
},
"expansion": "cūle",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin non-lemma forms",
"Latin noun forms",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "cūlus"
}
],
"glosses": [
"vocative singular of cūlus"
],
"links": [
[
"cūlus",
"culus#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"word": "cule"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "kuil"
},
{
"lang": "Limburgish",
"lang_code": "li",
"word": "koel"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "odt",
"3": "*kūla"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch *kūla",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kūlō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kūlō",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Dutch *kūla, from Proto-Germanic *kūlō.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "dum-decl-noun-wk-f",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "cule",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "culen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cule",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "culen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cule",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "culen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "culen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cule",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "culen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "culen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "dum-decl-noun-wk-m",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "cule",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "culen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cule",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "culen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "culen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "culen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cule",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "culen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "{{{stem}}}-",
"5": "",
"6": "{{{stem2}}}-",
"cat2": "",
"g": "f",
"g2": "m",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "cule f or m",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"g2": "m"
},
"expansion": "cule f or m",
"name": "dum-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "dum-decl-noun-wk-f"
},
{
"args": {},
"name": "dum-decl-noun-wk-m"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle Dutch feminine nouns",
"Middle Dutch lemmas",
"Middle Dutch masculine nouns",
"Middle Dutch nouns",
"Middle Dutch nouns with multiple genders",
"Middle Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch",
"Middle Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch",
"Middle Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle Dutch weak feminine nouns",
"Middle Dutch weak masculine nouns",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"hole in the ground, dip, pit"
],
"links": [
[
"hole",
"hole"
],
[
"ground",
"ground"
],
[
"dip",
"dip"
],
[
"pit",
"pit"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"word": "cule"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun",
"altform": "1"
},
"expansion": "cule",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "coule"
}
],
"categories": [
"Early Middle English",
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of coule"
],
"links": [
[
"coule",
"coule#Middle_English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Early Middle English) alternative form of coule"
],
"tags": [
"Early-Middle-English",
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "cule"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "cūle",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"head": "cūle"
},
"expansion": "cūle f",
"name": "ang-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "cuġele"
}
],
"categories": [
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English feminine nouns",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English nouns",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of cuġele"
],
"links": [
[
"cuġele",
"cugele#Old_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "cule"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "cules",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "cule m (plural cules)",
"name": "pt-noun"
}
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"cu",
"le"
]
}
],
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "cúli"
}
],
"categories": [
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Portuguese 2-syllable words",
"Portuguese countable nouns",
"Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
"Portuguese lemmas",
"Portuguese masculine nouns",
"Portuguese nouns",
"Portuguese terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of cúli"
],
"links": [
[
"cúli",
"cúli#Portuguese"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈku.li/",
"tags": [
"Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈku.li/",
"tags": [
"Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈku.le/",
"tags": [
"Southern-Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈku.lɨ/",
"tags": [
"Portugal"
]
}
],
"word": "cule"
}
Download raw JSONL data for cule meaning in All languages combined (17.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-12-31 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-12-20 using wiktextract (e97c820 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.